Lake Tanganyika cichlids — species, locations & maps

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Tropheus sp. 'limespot' Kapampa<br><font color=gray>Tropheus sp. 'maculatus' Kapampa</font>

Tribe / Genus:	Tropheini / Tropheus
Biotope:	Upper rocky littoral zone with solid rock and boulder substrates, generally free of sediment and covered with algal growth. In parts of its range the habitat is patchy and sub-optimal, resulting in a discontinuous distribution. In several localities the species occurs in contact zones with other Tropheus species, including areas where natural hybridization takes place.
Geographic distribution:	Lake Tanganyika, with a disjunct distribution on both the western and eastern shores. In DR Congo the species occurs between Mulunguzi and Kiku. The northernmost populations are found around Mulunguzi, a few kilometres south of Moba, while further south a second variant is present along the coast from Zongwe to Kiku. On the Tanzanian coast the species is found between Mabilibili and Kalya. This Tanzanian distribution is patchy and spans roughly 20 km of suitable rocky habitat. In the northern part of its range in Tanzania, at Mabilibili, the species shares habitat with T. sp. 'kirschfleck'
Typical adult size:	Comparable to other members of the genus, usually reaching about 12–14 cm total length. Females remain smaller than males.
Sexual dimorphism:	Females are smaller than males. No distinct sex-specific coloration differences are described.
Recommended aquarium size:	An aquarium with a minimum volume of 500 liters and a length of at least 150 cm is recommended.
Aquarium setup:	Use fine sand as the substrate. To provide sufficient refuges for persecuted cichlids, place a substantial number of rocks in the tank. It is advisable to use the rocks to create at least one, or several, visual barriers. There are no plants in the natural habitat of Tropheus, so they are not required in the aquarium. If plants are desired for aesthetic reasons or to slightly assist with water quality, choose species with tougher leaves (Vallisneria, Anubias, Ceratophyllum, etc.), which are generally left untouched by Tropheus. Water chemistry is of critical importance. The pH must be above 7.5 (approximately 7.5 to 9.5). Temperature should be kept consistently between 24 and 27°C and must never exceed 29°C, as this can be fatal. Higher temperatures increase oxygen demand while simultaneously reducing dissolved oxygen levels. In Lake Tanganyika, the upper 40 m of water is very clear and rich in oxygen; therefore, the aquarium should also be well oxygenated using air pumps, filter outlets directed toward the surface, or circulation pumps that enhance surface agitation. Tropheus are highly sensitive to ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate. The filtration system must therefore be powerful and biologically mature. Ammonia and nitrite cause immediate poisoning, while elevated nitrate levels lead to a gradual deterioration of health. Regular weekly water changes of 30–50% are essential, and replacement water should also be well oxygenated. It is practically impossible to recreate the natural environment of Tropheus in an aquarium, as this would require an extremely large system. In the wild, most adult Tropheus are territorial; similarly, in the aquarium one or a few territorial males occupy defined areas, leaving limited space for other males and females. Because food availability in the aquarium is higher than in nature, non-territorial individuals tend to suppress the need to establish separate feeding territories. Tropheus are best maintained in relatively large groups of approximately 15 to 25 individuals. In such groups, there may be several males, but there should be at least three to four females per male. Typically, only one male becomes dominant, occupies a territory, and is the only individual that spawns. In community aquaria, somewhat smaller groups may also be kept. Suitable tank mates include other herbivorous Tanganyikan cichlids, such as smaller Petrochromis species, goby cichlids (Eretmodus, Tanganicodus, and Spathodus)... Different geographic variants of the same Tropheus species should never be kept together due to the high risk of hybridization. Different Tropheus species may be kept together, preferably those that naturally occur at the same locations. For example, T. duboisi can generally be housed with other Tropheus species, although its lower aggressiveness often makes a species-only aquarium the better choice. When establishing a group, it is best to introduce a larger number of juveniles so territories develop gradually as the fish grow. Introducing adults often results in extremely violent territorial conflicts. Adding Tropheus to an already established group with defined territories is also very difficult.
Diet:	Herbivorous. In the lake, Tropheus feed primarily on filamentous algae from the aufwuchs. In the aquarium, some of these algae may grow on rocks, but usually not in sufficient quantity to form the main diet. As a staple, flake food with a high spirulina content is most suitable. Occasionally, foods such as Daphnia, Cyclops, and Mysis can be offered, as some of this prey is also ingested during natural algae grazing. High-protein foods must be strictly avoided, as they can be lethal. Tropheus have a very long digestive tract adapted to a low-protein diet, and excessive protein intake can quickly lead to the condition known as bloat, to which they are extremely susceptible. Adult fish should be fed once per day, only as much as they can consume within two minutes. Feeding can also be divided into several smaller meals per day, provided the total daily amount remains the same.
Breeding:	Typical mouthbrooders. Tropheus usually begin breeding at around 12 months of age, although some individuals may start considerably later. Spawning begins with the dominant male chasing the female. In the wild, breeding starts when a female enters the male’s territory and begins feeding there. In the aquarium, the male’s territory often encompasses most or all of the tank, resulting in continuous chasing of females, even when they are not yet sexually mature. A receptive female responds to the male’s courtship displays and follows him to his territory. Spawning usually occurs in the calmest part of the territory, often on a gently sloping surface. Eggs are laid one at a time, immediately taken into the female’s mouth, and fertilized by the male during this process. Eggs are relatively large (approximately 5–7 mm), resulting in small broods of about 6–16 eggs. The female carries the developing fry for around 24–26 days, after which she gradually releases them and guards them for several days. The male plays no role in brood care and often drives the female away immediately after spawning. Unlike many other mouthbrooding cichlids, female Tropheus continue to feed while carrying fry. In some species, females may accept food without swallowing it, with the food consumed only by the fry, whereas in other species females feed normally together with the fry.
Aggression:	Unlike most Haplochromis in Lake Tanganyika, female Tropheus also maintain feeding territories. Male territories are generally one to two times larger than those of females. In the aquarium, limited space usually allows only a few, or even a single, dominant male to hold a territory, from which all other cichlids are chased away. Aggression is strongest toward conspecifics, while other species are typically tolerated to a greater extent. Due to pronounced intraspecific aggression, Tropheus should be kept in larger groups to distribute aggression among more individuals.
Special notes:	Tropheus sp. 'Limespot' and T. sp. 'maculatus' represent the same species, with the former name used by African Diving and the latter by Ad Konings. For a long time this species was treated as a geographic variant of T. moorii, but current data and analyses clearly support its status as a distinct species. According to Ad Konings, three main variants are recognized: two in DR Congo and one on the central Tanzanian coast. The Tanzanian variant found at Kalya, Lyamembe and Mabilibili was long regarded as a form of T. moorii, but in his 2019 book Ad Konings accepts these populations as T. sp. 'limespot' (T. sp. 'maculatus'). At Mabilibili this species shares habitat with T. sp. 'kirschfleck', forming a well-documented hybrid zone. Hybrids from this area are widely known in the hobby under the misleading name "Red Belly"; African Diving refers to these forms as "Red blotch". In DR Congo, populations between Mulunguzi and Tembwe (Deux) are known in the hobby as "Murago", sometimes misleadingly referred to as "Murago Moba". The true Murago localities lie between Mulunguzi and Kisembwe; Moba itself consists of sandy habitat and does not host Tropheus. From Kisembwe southwards the flank spots gradually decrease in size, becoming very small but numerous at Tembwe (Deux), and disappearing completely at Zongwe. Murago from Mulunguzi is also known as "Green Murago", while populations from Kikoti and Lusingu are known as "Yellow Murago". Further south along the Congolese coast from Zongwe to Kiku a second Congolese variant occurs. Well-known forms exported by African Diving from this area include "White limespot – Mwerazi", "Limespot yellow – Kapampa", "True limespot – Masanza" and "Sunspot – Longola". The species is characterised by having five anal-fin spines, a key diagnostic feature that separates it from T. moorii, which has six. This character was already noted by Poll (1956) in material from Tembwe Bay and Mwerazi, although these populations were then still referred to as T. moorii. Brichard later recognised this group as fundamentally different and treated it as a distinct lineage. Molecular analyses (e.g. Baric et al. 2003) support the recognition of T. sp. 'limespot' as a distinct species occurring on opposite shores of the lake, in both DR Congo and Tanzania. The so-called "Tanzanian Murago" does not belong to T. sp. 'limespot'. It was previously treated as a variant of T. moorii and later suggested to represent a distinct species (T. sp. 'murago'). To avoid confusion with the Congolese Murago, this taxon is referred to on tanganyika.si as Tropheus sp. 'murago tanzania'.